What's Impact of Multi-Dimensional Globalization in Accelerating Green Technology Diffusion?

The diffusion of green technologies is crucial not only for the advancement of national innovation, but also for the promotion of sustainable development. This paper empirically examines the non-linear relationship between different dimensions of globalization and green technology diffusion using a threshold effect model based on data from 46 countries over the period 1990 to 2021. Our results show that the relationship between globalization and green technology diffusion is inherently non-linear and influenced by key threshold variables, including sovereign ESG index, energy consumption structures, and energy intensity. Specifically, the positive impact of globalization on green technology diffusion diminishes as a country's sovereign Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) index improves and its energy consumption shifts toward renewable sources. Conversely, in countries with higher energy intensity, globalization significantly increases green technology diffusion. In addition, this study delineates the distinct roles of economic, social, and political globalization, revealing heterogeneous impacts across these dimensions on the diffusion process of green technologies. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how globalization can be leveraged to promote sustainable technological progress.