True Amplitude Seismic Imaging with Wave Equation-Based Illumination Compensation in the Dip and Reflection Angle Domain

Seismic interpretation and reservoir characterization require the seismic data having faithful amplitudes that relate to subsurface physical parameters. Nowadays, the amplitude fidelity of seismic imaging becomes more important than ever. Although reverse time migration (RTM) adopts the full wave equation as true amplitude seismic wave propagator, it is still not sufficient for true amplitude seismic imaging since migration is only the adjoint operator corresponding to the forward modeling process. The complex overburden and limited migration aperture lead to unbalanced illumination of subsurface structures. Least-squares migration was proposed to correct amplitudes of seismic images, but it is computationally expensive and sometimes unstable. The illumination compensation is an available alternative which only considers the amplitude correction regardless of the resolution issue. In this article, we propose a true amplitude seismic imaging method with illumination compensation performed on both RTM stacked images and angle gathers. We derive the angle-dependent illumination intensity from the Hessian of least-squares migration in which Green's functions are essential components. We propose a new method to estimate the Green's function and its corresponding wave propagation direction based on wavefields excitation amplitudes and Poynting vectors at excitation times. Then, the illumination intensity is constructed as a function of dip and reflection angles to correct both angle gathers and stacked images. The proposed method is tested using two synthetic models and a real marine dataset. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively correct amplitudes of seismic images. Deep events beneath complex structures are enhanced with more balance illumination.