Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey

A 50 kyr-long exceptionally well-dated and highly resolved stalagmite oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and carbon (δ¹³C) isotope record from Sofular Cave in northwestern Turkey helps to further improve the dating of Greenland Interstadials (GI) 1, and 3-12. Timing of most GI in the Sofular record is consistent within ±10 to 300 years with the "iconic" Hulu Cave record. Larger divergences (>500 years) between Sofular and Hulu are only observed for GI 4 and 7. The Sofular record differs from the most recent NGRIP chronology by up to several centuries, whereas age offsets do not increase systematically with depth. The Sofular record also reveals a rapid and sensitive climate and ecosystem response in the eastern Mediterranean to GI, whereas a phase lag of ∼100 years between climate and full ecosystem response is evident. Finally, results of spectral analyses of the Sofular isotope records do not support a 1,470-year pacing of GI.