Synergetic regulation of SEI mechanics and crystallographic orientation for stable lithium metal pouch cells

The advancement of Li-metal batteries is significantly impeded by the presence of unstable solid electrolyte interphase and Li dendrites upon cycling. Herein, we present an innovative approach to address these issues through the synergetic regulation of solid electrolyte interphase mechanics and Li crystallography using yttrium fluoride/polymethyl methacrylate composite layer. Specifically, we demonstrate the in-situ generation of Y-doped lithium metal through the reaction of composite layer with Li metal, which reduces the surface energy of the (200) plane, and tunes the preferential crystallographic orientation to (200) plane from conventional (110) plane during Li plating. These changes effectively passivate Li metal, thereby significantly reducing undesired side reactions between Li and electrolytes by 4 times. Meanwhile, the composite layer with suitable modulus (~1.02 GPa) can enhance mechanical stability and maintain structural stability of SEI. Consequently, a 4.2 Ah pouch cell with high energy density of 468 Wh kg⁻¹ and remarkable capacity stability of 0.08% decay/cycle is demonstrated under harsh condition, such as high-areal-capacity cathode (6 mAh cm⁻²), lean electrolyte (1.98 g Ah⁻¹), and high current density (3 mA cm⁻²). Our findings highlight the potential of reactive composite layer as a promising strategy for the development of stable Li-metal batteries.