TY - JOUR
T1 - Surface microstructure of PEEK scaffolds regulates osteogenic differentiation via the βPIX–RAC1–NOX1 pathway
AU - Yang, Zijian
AU - Zhang, Bowen
AU - Liu, Yihao
AU - Chen, Kaiting
AU - Zhang, Qing
AU - Sun, Changning
AU - Wang, Ling
AU - Li, Dichen
AU - Li, Qingchu
AU - Zhao, Huiyu
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2026/5
Y1 - 2026/5
N2 - Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is widely applied in orthopedic implants, yet its intrinsic surface bioinertness limits stable osseointegration. Although a nature solution is modifying its surface to enhance cellular adhesion, other pathways related to osseointegration also hold significant value. Here, we combined fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing with a two-step poly (acrylic acid)–ethylenediamine (PAA–EDA) grafting method to engineer porous PEEK scaffolds with bioactive surface microstructures. Beyond improving hydrophilicity to optimize cellular adhesion, the modified surface activated the βPIX-mediated signaling cascade, which suppressed ITGB1–RAC1–NOX1 activity, potentially delaying bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) senescence and promoting osteogenic differentiation. In vivo implantation further validated that the modified scaffolds promoted bone formation and integration. Together, this work highlights a new pathway on osseointegration for PEEK surface engineering, revealing the potential of βPIX-mediated regulation as a new direction for durable bone–implant integration.
AB - Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is widely applied in orthopedic implants, yet its intrinsic surface bioinertness limits stable osseointegration. Although a nature solution is modifying its surface to enhance cellular adhesion, other pathways related to osseointegration also hold significant value. Here, we combined fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing with a two-step poly (acrylic acid)–ethylenediamine (PAA–EDA) grafting method to engineer porous PEEK scaffolds with bioactive surface microstructures. Beyond improving hydrophilicity to optimize cellular adhesion, the modified surface activated the βPIX-mediated signaling cascade, which suppressed ITGB1–RAC1–NOX1 activity, potentially delaying bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) senescence and promoting osteogenic differentiation. In vivo implantation further validated that the modified scaffolds promoted bone formation and integration. Together, this work highlights a new pathway on osseointegration for PEEK surface engineering, revealing the potential of βPIX-mediated regulation as a new direction for durable bone–implant integration.
KW - 3D printing
KW - Osteogenic differentiation
KW - Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
KW - Surface microstructure
KW - Surface modification
KW - βPIX-dependent pathway
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105028372420
U2 - 10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214718
DO - 10.1016/j.bioadv.2026.214718
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:105028372420
SN - 2772-9508
VL - 182
JO - Biomaterials Advances
JF - Biomaterials Advances
M1 - 214718
ER -