TY - JOUR
T1 - Sources and formation processes of short-chain saturated diacids (C2-C4) in inhalable particles (PM10) from Huangshi city, Central China
AU - Liu, Hongxia
AU - Kawamura, Kimitaka
AU - Kunwar, Bhagawati
AU - Cao, Junji
AU - Zhang, Jiaquan
AU - Zhan, Changlin
AU - Zheng, Jingru
AU - Yao, Ruizhen
AU - Liu, Ting
AU - Liu, Xianli
AU - Xiao, Wensheng
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by the authors.
PY - 2017/11/8
Y1 - 2017/11/8
N2 - PM10 samples were collected from Huangshi (HS) city, Central China during April 2012 to March 2013, and were analyzed for short-chain saturated dicarboxylic acids (diacids) using a capillary gas chromatograph (GC). We found that oxalic acid (C2, 318± 104 ng · m-3) was the most abundant diacid species, followed by malonic acid (C3, 25.4 ± 9.11 ng · m-3) and succinic acid (C4, 2.09 ±0.52 ng · m-3). The concentrations of C2 and C4 diacids were highest in winter, followed by summer and spring, and lowest in autumn. C3 diacid was decreased in the order of summer > winter > autumn > spring. Further, the seasonal variations of WSOC (water-soluble organic carbon)- and OC (organic carbon)-normalized diacid concentrations were similar to those of diacid concentrations, suggesting that both primary emission and secondary production are important sources for diacids in Huangshi (HS) aerosols. Strong correlations were found among C2 diacid and the three ions SO4 2-, NO3-, and NH4 + in summer and winter, suggesting that the species could undergo a similar secondary oxidation processing. C2 had good correlation with K+ in summer and autumn, which indicates an enhanced contribution of combustion sources for C2 diacid. Moreover, according to the ratio of C2/K+, we can conclude that C2 diacid should be formed by a secondary reaction of biomass combustion in HS aerosols, especially in summer and autumn. The ratios of C2/C4 and C3/C4 were compared with those reported in other sites, and the results suggest that HS aerosols should be more photochemically aged than at other urban areas. Principal component analysis of diacids and selected water-soluble inorganic ions over four seasons suggests that HS aerosols are influenced not only from primary emission, but also from secondary reaction. According to the linear relation between C2 and C3 diacids, the results indicate that C2 diacid is formed from the oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds in spring, while it is from the oxidation of C3 and C4 diacids in summer, autumn, and winter.
AB - PM10 samples were collected from Huangshi (HS) city, Central China during April 2012 to March 2013, and were analyzed for short-chain saturated dicarboxylic acids (diacids) using a capillary gas chromatograph (GC). We found that oxalic acid (C2, 318± 104 ng · m-3) was the most abundant diacid species, followed by malonic acid (C3, 25.4 ± 9.11 ng · m-3) and succinic acid (C4, 2.09 ±0.52 ng · m-3). The concentrations of C2 and C4 diacids were highest in winter, followed by summer and spring, and lowest in autumn. C3 diacid was decreased in the order of summer > winter > autumn > spring. Further, the seasonal variations of WSOC (water-soluble organic carbon)- and OC (organic carbon)-normalized diacid concentrations were similar to those of diacid concentrations, suggesting that both primary emission and secondary production are important sources for diacids in Huangshi (HS) aerosols. Strong correlations were found among C2 diacid and the three ions SO4 2-, NO3-, and NH4 + in summer and winter, suggesting that the species could undergo a similar secondary oxidation processing. C2 had good correlation with K+ in summer and autumn, which indicates an enhanced contribution of combustion sources for C2 diacid. Moreover, according to the ratio of C2/K+, we can conclude that C2 diacid should be formed by a secondary reaction of biomass combustion in HS aerosols, especially in summer and autumn. The ratios of C2/C4 and C3/C4 were compared with those reported in other sites, and the results suggest that HS aerosols should be more photochemically aged than at other urban areas. Principal component analysis of diacids and selected water-soluble inorganic ions over four seasons suggests that HS aerosols are influenced not only from primary emission, but also from secondary reaction. According to the linear relation between C2 and C3 diacids, the results indicate that C2 diacid is formed from the oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds in spring, while it is from the oxidation of C3 and C4 diacids in summer, autumn, and winter.
KW - Central China
KW - Huangshi city
KW - Inhalable particles
KW - Photochemical oxidation
KW - Primary emission
KW - Short-chain saturated diacids
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85033667256
U2 - 10.3390/atmos8110213
DO - 10.3390/atmos8110213
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:85033667256
SN - 2073-4433
VL - 8
SP - 213
JO - Atmosphere
JF - Atmosphere
IS - 11
ER -