Risk-averse stochastic scheduling of hydrogen-based flexible loads under 100% renewable energy scenario

The development of 100% renewable energy (RE) systems provides a viable solution for achieving the global target of carbon neutrality. To support the reliable and economical operation of RE-based local energy networks, this paper presents a joint scheduling model for grid-scale RE generation and hydrogen-based flexible loads. The direct load control (DLC) through hydrogen-electrical microgrids is analytically modeled for leveraging the intrinsic flexibility of demand-side multi-energy synergy. To handle the uncertainty and volatility of RE generation, a risk-averse stochastic programming method with the receding-horizon mechanism is developed. Also, the power balancing cost in scheduling objectives is represented as a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) measure to control the risks of fully RE supply. Case studies on an exemplary RE system confirm the effectiveness and economic benefits of the proposed method. The hydrogen-enabled DLC can largely mitigate the supply–demand mismatches, which shows a great potential to facilitate 100% RE scenarios.