Review of interface evolution behaviors and pressure oscillation characteristics of steam jet condensation in subcooled water

Direct contact condensation (DCC) of steam jets in subcooled water is common in both natural and human-made devices, presenting significant application demands in energy and aerospace power systems. DCC is characterized by intense transient phenomena, including phase transition, turbulent flows, and multi-scale interfaces, which complicate accurately characterizing heat and mass transfer mechanisms and pressure oscillations. This article reviews the applications of DCC in critical industrial processes, highlighting typical interface evolution characteristics, condensation regimes, jet penetration lengths, heat transfer coefficients, and related research advancements. Measurement and analysis methods for turbulent jet flow field characteristics are surveyed, with a discussion of the velocity and temperature distribution within the flow field. Further, the research progress on the pressure oscillation characteristics induced by steam jet condensation in water is presented. Finally, problems, challenges, and opportunities are summarized to propose the future direction for experimental and theoretical research, mathematical modeling, and other aspects.