Research on condensation induced water hammer with one-dimensional simulation code

Condensation-induced water hammer (CIWH) frequently occur in industrial systems. However, there are limited effective and convenient methods or technologies for predicting CIWH. This paper proposes a one-dimensional simulation code specifically developed for CIWH. After model validation, the dynamic evolution of two-phase flow patterns in a pipe and the pressure oscillations caused by the CIWH were simulated. The formation of an isolated vapor mass in a two-phase flow pipe, leading to a CIWH, is linked with the development of interfacial waves. Subsequently, the influence of steam-water operational parameters and pipe structural characteristics on CIWH features were examined. The oscillation pressure amplitude increases with increasing water subcooling, water flow velocity, and pipe rigidity but is less affected by the vapor superheat degree. Notably, most CIWH events tend to occur near the water inlet.