Reduced Graphene Oxide Regulates Indium Oxide In-Situ Reconstruction for Enhanced CO₂ Electroreduction

The practical application of electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction requires adaptation to the fluctuating voltage output of photovoltaic systems. However, potential-induced in-situ reconstruction of the catalyst complicates control and leads to Faradaic efficiency (FE) instability across the potential window. Here, we present a redox graphene-supported indium oxide catalyst (G-InO_x), where rGO effectively regulates the surface evolution of InO_x from In³⁺ to In⁰ during electrocatalytic reactions. The multivalent In generated via electrocatalytic in-situ reconstruction lowers the energy barriers for *OCHO formation and dissociation, enhancing formate production. rGO also regulates the surface environment, optimizing CO₂ and proton delivery to the active sites. Over a wide potential range (−0.86 to −1.37 V vs RHE), G-InO_x achieves FE_formate nearly 100%. This work offers a straightforward and efficient strategy for scalable, high-performance CO₂ electroreduction.