Performance improvement evaluation of latent heat energy storage units using improved bi-objective topology optimization method

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) based on phase change materials is one of the key technologies to improve energy utilization efficiency and alleviate the mismatch between energy supply and demand. Heat storage capacity and charging/discharging rate are two core factors that determine the comprehensive performance of LHTES units. So a bi-objective transient topology optimization(TO) model is established to freely evolve the optimal structure and volume fraction of LHTES fins to maximize the heat transfer rate based on ensuring high storage capacity. The bi-objective optimization function coupling storage capacity and heat transfer rate is constructed by normalized SAW model. The TO model is formulated using variable density-based design variables of grid cells in physical governing equations, objective functions and constraints. Helmholtz PDE filtering and hyperbolic tangent projection methods are employed to achieve high-precision optimization solutions. Complex transient multi-physics field and bi-objective iterative calculations are performed using the transient adjoint-based sensitivity analysis method and GCMMA algorithm. Results demonstrate that the physical field dynamics response of the design variables at each iteration can more clearly exhibit the evolutionary direction and mechanism of seeking optimal structures. The Pareto frontier indicates TO model responds significantly to the changes in the bi-objective weight ratio ω₁:ω₂, which also reveals the physical mechanism of the trade-off game among fin topology formation, state parameters distribution and objective changes. Optimal configurations and its performance parameters change regularly with ω₁:ω₂ decreasing, and has an demonstrable performance mutations occurring at ω₁ = 0.65(ω₂ = 0.35). The scattered distribution and uniform multi-branch structure of TO fins are key factors in regulating the physical field state. Therefore, TO-fins LHTES exhibits extremely high heat transfer rate, and the charging/discharging time of traditional trapezoid fin LHTES is approximately three times longer than that of TO-fins LHTES under ω₁:ω₂ = 0.65:0.35.