Optimal Coordination of Hydrogen-Based Integrated Energy Systems Considering Thermal Dynamics of Fuel Cells

With the rapid development of hydrogen-related technologies, hydrogen-based integrated energy systems (HIES) are believed to be a promising way to achieve carbon emission peak and neutrality. However, the electrical and heating energy output of the fuel cell-combined heat and power (FC-CHP) unit are coupled, which may lead to the mismatch of the multi-energy demand and supply, since the FC-CHP unit is the key energy conversion device in the HIES. In this paper, the optimal coordination problem of the HIES is formulated under constant mass flow and variable temperature mode, considering thermal dynamics of fuel cells, which can also accurately formulate the complex coupling and transmission of thermal energy. The results show that temperature requirements in heat transmission processes can be ensured, and the system flexibility can be enhanced by decoupling the electrical and heating output of the FC-CHP unit. Moreover, the energy cost and carbon emission can be significantly reduced.