Navigating obesity: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications and management strategies

Obesity, a growing global health crisis, is driven by a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, behavioral, socio-cultural, and economic factors. This comprehensive review encapsulates the epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanism, and the myriad of health complications it triggers, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, neurological disorders, respiratory ailments, digestive diseases, mobility impairments, and psychological stress. The etiology of obesity is multifaceted, involving genetic predispositions, environmental influences, behavioral tendencies, and socio-economic elements. The pathophysiological underpinnings of obesity encompass multifaceted aspects of energy metabolism, including the regulation of appetite, glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. This review also addresses the seemingly contradictory roles of obesity in various diseases, offering insights into these phenomena. The management of obesity is multi-pronged, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and metabolic surgeries. Lifestyle changes are foundational, but advancements in molecular techniques, digital technology, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence are opening new avenues for personalized treatment and early intervention. Pharmacological treatment and metabolic surgery are effective but should be judiciously tailored to individual patient needs. This review underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach to obesity management, aiming to curb the escalating trend and enhance future interventions and treatments. The ultimate goal is to synthesize current evidence and innovative strategies to combat obesity effectively.