Multi-timescale rolling horizon scheduling of integrated electricity-hydrogen systems with hybrid energy storage and electrolyzer dynamics

The increasing integration of renewable energy poses significant challenges for balancing electricity and hydrogen demand in integrated electricity-hydrogen systems (IEHS). This paper proposes a multi-timescale scheduling framework considering hybrid energy storage coordination and electrolyzer (ELZ) dynamics. The framework integrates seasonal, week-ahead, and day-ahead layers to coordinate high-pressure hydrogen storage for cross-seasonal shifting, low-pressure storage for short-term fluctuation mitigation, and battery storage for real-time balancing. A rolling horizon control strategy is embedded across all layers to continuously update decisions with new forecast information. A seasonal optimization model with Ward-clustering-based representative scenarios captures long-term supply–demand mismatches with reduced computational burden. For short-term operation, a dynamic ELZ model with start-up/shut-down behavior and hydrogen-to-oxygen safety constraints is developed, and nonlinearities are linearized via adaptive McCormick relaxation. Results show that the proposed framework improves renewable utilization, reduces grid dependence, and ensures safe and flexible operation across timescales.