Mathematical models application in optimization of hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass

Hydrothermal liquefaction provides a direct route to biomass resource utilization. Mathematical modeling is an effective tool for research, development and optimization of biomass hydrothermal liquefaction process technology. In this paper, four mathematical models are systematically described, namely, empirical model, response surface method, kinetic model, and machine learning, and the construction and research development history of these four models in hydrothermal liuqefaction are summarized. Especially, machine learning has recently been introduced into biomass hydrothermal liquefaction and has a broad application prospect. This information can help optimize the yield and quality of biocrude, assist in the design of hydrothermal liquefaction reactors, and facilitate the industrialization and commercialization of hydrothermal liquefaction technology at low research costs.