Highly Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Modulated Diffusion Passivation Toward High Power Conversion Efficiency and Ultrahigh Fill Factor

2D/3D perovskite heterostructures or composites are recognized as efficient strategies to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells. Herein, a novel solution process to develop 2D/3D perovskites with modulated diffusion passivation by introducing phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) additive, which could effectively enhance device performance and long-term stability, is demonstrated. Compared with conventional devices, the device with PEAI and DMF solvent additive treatment exhibit enhanced charge transport, improved charge extraction, and suppressed nonradiative carrier recombination. The solar cells with an optimal 2D/3D perovskite passivation treatment exhibit an extremely high fill factor of 83.6% and an average power conversion efficiency of 21.4% (21.3% using integrated photocurrent from the incident photon-to-current efficiency spectra) based on the NiO_x hole transport layer. Furthermore, the unencapsulated device exhibits excellent stability under continuously simulated sunlight illumination and outstanding air stability after 1000 h of storage under ambient air conditions.