High light absorption and radiative forcing contributions of primary brown carbon and black carbon to urban aerosol

To investigate the seasonal variation of black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) light absorption at an urban site in Xi'an, China, an annual measurement was conducted by using a 7-wavelengths Aethalometer (model AE33). The results showed the aerosol absorptions were observed approximately 5–8 times greater in winter (395 Mm⁻¹ at 370 nm and 99 Mm⁻¹ at 880 nm, respectively) than those in autumn (49 Mm⁻¹ at 370 nm and 18 Mm⁻¹ at 880 nm, respectively). BC was the dominant light absorbing carbonaceous component at all wavelengths (from 370 nm to 950 nm). BrC absorption (370 nm) maximized during winter with 41% of the total aerosol absorption, and was lower in autumn (16%). The light absorption contributions of primary BrC (BrC_pri) were higher than that of secondary BrC (BrC_sec) in four seasons, with more than 67% of total BrC light absorption. The seasonal absorption Ångström exponents (AAEs) of BrC, BrC_pri, and BrC_sec were directly derived with the highest values (3.91, 3.69, and 4.94, respectively) in wintertime. The BrC_pri contributed much higher solar absorptions percentage to BC than BrC_sec. The results underlined the primary emissions of urban BrC_pri and BC, implying that the strategies of energy efficiency enhancement and energy structure reformation will be very important in reducing primary emissions in China. Such investigations should be conducted in other developing countries with severe air pollution.