Exploring impedance spectrum for lithium-ion batteries diagnosis and prognosis: A comprehensive review

Lithium-ion batteries have extensive usage in various energy storage needs, owing to their notable benefits of high energy density and long lifespan. The monitoring of battery states and failure identification are indispensable for guaranteeing the secure and optimal functionality of the batteries. The impedance spectrum has garnered growing interest due to its ability to provide a valuable understanding of material characteristics and electrochemical processes. To inspire further progress in the investigation and application of the battery impedance spectrum, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the determination and utilization of the impedance spectrum. The sources of impedance inaccuracies are systematically analyzed in terms of frequency response characteristics. The applicability of utilizing diverse impedance features for the diagnosis and prognosis of batteries is further elaborated. Finally, challenges and prospects for future research are discussed.