Exploring Chinese EFL learners’ beliefs about AI-mediated informal digital learning of English: Insights from Q Methodology

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays an important role in language learning; how-ever, research on its role in informal contexts remains limited. To address this gap, this study used Q methodology with a sample of 20 Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners to explore their beliefs about AI-mediated informal digital learning of English. Results reported three primary types of beliefs: optimistic AI beliefs, critical AI beliefs, and hesitant AI beliefs. Optimistic AI beliefs reflect learners who view AI as a revolutionary tool that boosts learning efficiency and engagement, showing enthusiasm for new AI applications in language learning. Critical AI beliefs characterize learners who recognize AI’s benefits but remain cautious, critically assessing its limitations and potential drawbacks. Hesitant AI beliefs describe learners who, while acknowledging AI’s potential, harbor doubts about its overall effectiveness in informal English learning. These findings have some implications for the design and development of more effective and personalized AI-based educational tools that cater to diverse learner needs and preferences.