Embedding aligned nanofibrous architectures within 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffolds for directed cellular infiltration and tissue regeneration

Highlights 1. Composite scaffolds with mechanically-robust frameworks and aligned nanofibrous architectures are hybrid manufactured by using 3D printing, electrospinning, and unidirectional freeze-casting techniques. 2. The composite scaffolds can provide volume-stable environments, enable directed cellular infiltration for tissue regeneration, support the adipogenic maturation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro, guide directed tissue infiltration and promote nearby neovascularization when implanted into a subcutaneous model of rats. 3. A promising way to produce additional topological cues within 3D-printed scaffolds for better tissue regeneration is provided.