Dexmedetomidine protects against degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and improves motor activity in Parkinson's disease mice model

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the result of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death in the substantianigra pars compacta (SNc). Current treatments for PD such as L-dopa are limited in effectiveness and fail to address the cause. Targeted anti-inflammatory therapies, particularly directed at nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activity in alleviating degeneration of DA-neurons is of evolving interest. In the present study, we hypothesised that dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha-2 receptor adrenergic agonist, suppress the inflammatory responses associated with PD and restores dopaminergic levels by alleviating substantia nigral degeneration. Male mice (C57Bl/10, 8–11 months old and of 34–40 g of weight) were divided into: the control, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and MPTP + dexmedetomidine (MPTP + DEX) (n = 26 each group). Dex restored dopamine levels in SNpc of MPTP-induced PD mice model. Results of immunohisto staining revealed that Dex treatment post-MPTP induction restored TH-positive cells, with only 12.37% increase (^##p < 0.01 vs MPTP) on the third day and a steep 55% increase (^###p < 0.001 vs MPTP) following the seventh day of Dex treatment. Moreover, the expressions of proinflammatory markers regulated by NF-κB were diminished in Dex + MPTP group. In addition, cylinder test revealed that Dex treatment improved asymmetric limb usage pattern in MPTP induced mice over the course of 7 days. Hence, in this study, we provided insight on the effect of Dex in the inhibition of NF-κB1 regulated proinflammatory mediators to improve dopamine levels and reduce SNpc dopaminergic neuronal degeneration.