Comparison of direct and indirect low-temperature plasma triggering immunogenic cell death in B16F10 melanoma

The potential antitumor application of low-temperature plasma (LTP) in immunotherapy has attracted wide attention from researchers. The induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) is one of the possible mechanisms underlying this event. In this work, the immunogenicity of B16F10 melanoma cells treated with direct and indirect LTP protocols was investigated. The results revealed the concentrations of H₂O₂, NO, and NO₂⁻ increased as LTP treatment time was longer, while the cell viability decreased. By comparison, the direct treatment induced a stronger expression of ICD markers. In vivo, the LTP-treated B16F10 reduced tumor burden in C57BL/6 mice. This study demonstrated both direct and indirect LTP treatments triggered immunogenic cell death and were expected to provide an effective immunotherapy strategy.