Biocatalysis of CO₂ and CH₄: Key enzymes and challenges

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions is a critical challenge for promoting global sustainability. The utilization of CO₂ and CH₄ as substrates for the production of valuable products offers a promising avenue for establishing an eco-friendly economy. Biocatalysis, a sustainable process utilizing enzymes to facilitate biochemical reactions, plays a significant role in upcycling greenhouse gases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the enzymes and associated reactions involved in the biocatalytic conversion of CO₂ and CH₄. Furthermore, the challenges facing the field are discussed, paving the way for future research directions focused on developing robust enzymes and systems for the efficient fixation of CO₂ and CH₄.