A review of liquid hydrogen storage and transport equipment and associated key components: advances, challenges, and prospects

The efficient and reliable operation of liquid hydrogen (LH₂) storage and transport equipment and their key components is critical to the large-scale application of hydrogen energy and the security of its industrial chain. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress in this field. First, the development status and technological evolution of representative stationary and mobile LH₂ storage tanks worldwide are outlined, categorized according to geometric configuration, scale, and application scenario. Second, the application status and innovative research findings for key components operating in LH₂ environments are detailed. These components include support structures (encompassing inter-tank supports and pillars), insulation materials and methodologies, and cryogenic structural materials. An in-depth analysis is conducted on aspects where current research remains insufficient. Finally, in light of development trends and existing challenges, future technological directions and system optimization pathways are proposed, to provide a reference for related research and engineering practice.