TY - JOUR
T1 - A Non-Negligible Source of Ultrafine Elemental Carbon
T2 - Agricultural Machinery─after Enhanced Fuel Quality and Emission Standards
AU - Liu, Zeyu
AU - Gong, Xuehong
AU - Yan, Dongna
AU - Han, Yongming
AU - Peng, Yu
AU - Zhang, Yishun
AU - Feng, Xinxin
AU - Cai, Junjie
AU - Feng, Yanli
AU - Chen, Yingjun
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 American Chemical Society
PY - 2026/7/14
Y1 - 2026/7/14
N2 - Against China’s backdrop of substantial on-road vehicle emission reductions, nonroad sources─particularly agricultural machinery (AM)─have become significant contributors to elemental carbon (EC). The impact of rapidly updated fuels and emission standards on AM’s particle size-resolved EC and health effects remains unclear. This study measured EC size distributions from five AM units, further evaluating fuel types (petrodiesel B0 vs biodiesel B5/B20) and emission standards (Stage II vs Stage III) on emission characteristics and size distributions. The results show that (1) AM’s mean EC emission factor (EF) was 367.3 ± 476.5 mg/kg─exceeding typical on-road mobile sources─with char-EC and soot-EC comprising 7.3% and 92.7% of EFEC respectively. (2) Fuel type and emission standards exerted significant influence on EC emissions, particularly within the ultrafine particle fraction. Newer standards increased ultrafine EC emissions by 3.6-fold and using B20 elevated total EC by 24.3% versus using B0. (3) By incorporating deposition and clearance efficiency across different particle sizes, modeled respiratory deposition of EC yielded 237.9 mg/kg (children) and 163.9 mg/kg (adults). The pulmonary region constituted the primary deposition target site, then head airways, with the tracheobronchial receiving the least. This work provides essential data for evaluating AM emissions under new frameworks.
AB - Against China’s backdrop of substantial on-road vehicle emission reductions, nonroad sources─particularly agricultural machinery (AM)─have become significant contributors to elemental carbon (EC). The impact of rapidly updated fuels and emission standards on AM’s particle size-resolved EC and health effects remains unclear. This study measured EC size distributions from five AM units, further evaluating fuel types (petrodiesel B0 vs biodiesel B5/B20) and emission standards (Stage II vs Stage III) on emission characteristics and size distributions. The results show that (1) AM’s mean EC emission factor (EF) was 367.3 ± 476.5 mg/kg─exceeding typical on-road mobile sources─with char-EC and soot-EC comprising 7.3% and 92.7% of EFEC respectively. (2) Fuel type and emission standards exerted significant influence on EC emissions, particularly within the ultrafine particle fraction. Newer standards increased ultrafine EC emissions by 3.6-fold and using B20 elevated total EC by 24.3% versus using B0. (3) By incorporating deposition and clearance efficiency across different particle sizes, modeled respiratory deposition of EC yielded 237.9 mg/kg (children) and 163.9 mg/kg (adults). The pulmonary region constituted the primary deposition target site, then head airways, with the tracheobronchial receiving the least. This work provides essential data for evaluating AM emissions under new frameworks.
KW - Agricultural Machinery
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Elemental Carbon
KW - Respiratory Deposition
KW - Ultrafine Particle
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105045039185
U2 - 10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00455
DO - 10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00455
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:105045039185
SN - 2328-8930
VL - 13
SP - 909
EP - 915
JO - Environmental Science and Technology Letters
JF - Environmental Science and Technology Letters
IS - 7
ER -