A cation-regulation strategy for achieving high-performance perovskite solar cells via a fully-evaporation process

Mixed-cation halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received extensive attention due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and long-term stability. How to further promote its facile and large-scale film-formation procedure is of great significance for commercialization. In this work, a CsMA-based perovskite film was prepared via a two-step evaporation process. By regulating the cation ratio systematically, uniform and large-scale perovskite films can be obtained with excellent stability and high crystallization. Based on the perovskite active layer, typical PSCs were developed with a fully-evaporation technology, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the champion device is 17.15% (J_SC = 22.59 mA cm⁻², V_OC = 1.03 V, FF = 73.71%). In addition, the PSC module was also explored (active area ≈10 cm²), achieving a PCE of 10.24%. It prospects that our efforts could draw inspiration for pushing ahead the industrialization of the perovskite photovoltaic.