3D localization at the nanometer scale and thermal sensing of living cells

Despite the fact that the theory and application of particle 3D localization have been studied extensively, it is still difficult to apply this technique to 3D measurements of temperature field distribution of cells at the micro-nano scale. In this study, an optical system exhibiting double helix point spread function was developed based on the properties of vortex beams, which is suitable for examining particle 3D localization at nanometer scale. Then calibration was performed along the axial and transverse dimensions.