燃煤电厂烟气 CO₂ 捕集化学吸收剂研发进展

According to the sequence of research and development of chemical absorbers, the technical characteristics and performance differences of single amine absorbers, mixed amine absorbers, biphasic absorbers, non-aqueous absorbers and ionic liquids are summarized, and the progress of postcombustion chemical absorption capture technology is introduced with specific cases. To address the problem of high energy consumption in the regeneration of traditional single amine absorbers, solid acid catalysts, some amino acids and derivatives or some metal ions are often used to assist the regeneration process to reduce energy consumption. Mixed amine absorbents combine different ratios of primary, secondary, tertiary or site-resistant amines with different advantages to enhance the performance. Biphasic absorbents reduce regeneration energy by regenerating only the rich liquid phase after absorption. In industrial applications, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) is commonly used to reduce viscosity, and polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NHD) or sulfoxide is used to promote phase separation. Non-aqueous absorbers use physical solvents instead of traditional water to reduce the water content and thus the regeneration energy consumption. Commonly used physical solvents are mainly alcohols and their derivatives. In addition, functionalized ionic liquids with better CO₂ absorption performance are made by introducing primary amine groups into conventional ionic liquids. Ethylene glycol (EG), n-propanol, Monoethanolamine (MEA), N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), etc. and some functional ionic liquids can reduce viscosity and regeneration heat. However, the current absorbers also have problems such as high energy consumption, easy degradation and escape of absorber amine. There is an urgent need to develop chemical absorbents with low energy consumption, low loss, low cost and good absorption performance to realize the large-scale application of flue gas CO₂ capture technology.