多 组 分 金 属 纳 米 材 料 的 原 子 凝 聚 态 调 控 及 其 催 化效应

In nanoscale metal particles，atoms of different elements can exhibit various condensed states：they may either fully mix to form homogeneous alloys or separate into distinct phases，creating heterogeneous structures. These diverse atomic arrangements significantly affect the electronic coupling and catalytic properties of the multimetallic nanoparticles. Precise control over the atomic condensed states within nanoparticles holds the promise of optimizing their electronic structures，offering significant opportunities for the design of novel nanocatalysts with distinctive properties. However，controlling atomic condensed states in nanoparticles using current wet-chemical methods remains challenging. In the synthesis of alloy nanomaterials，the intrinsic reduction potential differences between metal salts cause significant variations in reduction kinetics，making it difficult to achieve uniform alloying and precise control over the alloy compositions. In the synthesis of heterogeneous structures，the reduction potential differences cause galvanic replacement reactions between noble metal salts and less-stable metal nanostructures，limiting the controllability of nanocrystal growth. This paper reviews recent research progress in overcoming these synthesis limitations for controlled atomic condensed states of metal atoms in nanoparticles. Specifically，introducing an active hydrogen （i. e. ，hydrogen atoms or radicals）interfacial reduction mechanism has mitigated the impact of reduction potential differences，improving the mixing homogeneity of different metal atoms within nanoparticles. This approach also allows precise control over the content of each metal component within nanoparticles. By modulating the reduction potentials of metal salts，it has become possible to suppress the galvanic replacement reaction between noble metal salts and less-stable metal nanostructures，leading to a novel family of core-shell nanostructures with a less-stable metal core and a noble metal shell. By precisely regulating the atomic condensed states within multimetallic metal nanoparticles，researchers have been able to effectively tune the electronic structures of these materials，significantly improving the catalytic performance. These advancements highlight the potential of controlled atomic condensed states in multimetallic nanoparticles for developing high-performance catalysts across various applications.