Visible-Light-Mediated Nano-biomineralization of Customizable Tough Hydrogels for Biomimetic Tissue Engineering

Biomineralized tough hydrogels (BTHs) have advanced applications in the fields of soft bioelectronics and biomimetic tissue engineering. But the development of rapid and general photomineralization strategies for one-step fabrication of customizable BTHs is still a challenging task. Here we report a straightforward, low-cost visible-light-mediated nano-biomineralization (VLMNB) strategy via a rational design of a phosphate source and efficient ruthenium photochemistry. Multinetwork tough hydrogels are simultaneously constructed under the same condition. Therefore, BTHs are rapidly prepared in a short time as low as ∼60 s under visible light irradiation. The in situ formation of calcium phosphate particles can improve BTHs' mechanical and biological properties and reduce the friction coefficient with bones. Furthermore, fast biomineralization and solidification processes in these BTHs benefit their injectable and highly flexible customizable design, showing applications of promoting customizable skin repair and bone regeneration.