TY - JOUR
T1 - Trace elements in outdoor and indoor PM2.5 in urban schools in Xi’an, Western China
T2 - characteristics, sources identification and health risk assessment
AU - Wang, Runyu
AU - Ding, Xinxin
AU - Wang, Jingzhi
AU - Dong, Zhibao
AU - Xu, Hongmei
AU - Ma, Ge
AU - Gao, Bo
AU - Song, Han
AU - Yang, Menghan
AU - Cao, Junji
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
PY - 2023/3
Y1 - 2023/3
N2 - The PM2.5-bounded elements were measured in outdoor and indoor from two urban middle schools in Xi’an. The PM2.5 mass was from 42.4 to 283.7 µg/m3 with bounded element from 3.4 to 41.7 µg/m3. Both the particle mass and the bounded elements displayed higher levels compared with previous studies in school environments. The most abundant elements were Ca, K, Fe, S, Zn and Cl both indoor and outdoor in two schools, which accounted for about 90% of the total elements. Strong correlations between indoor and outdoor were obtained along with relative effect from students’ and teachers’ activities on the indoor distributions between workdays and weekends. There had different indoor/outdoor (I/O) distributions for the two schools. It revealed the main outdoor sources for elements in JT and predominance of indoor sources in HT. The principal component analysis investigated main sources of elements in this study were coal combustion, geogenic dust and industrial emission, even though there displayed differences in the two school classrooms. The health risk assessment showed that the cancer risk for Ni and Pb was below the safe value while As and Cr might pose acceptable potential threat to both students’ and teachers’ health. The total non-cancer risks of accumulative multi-metals in JT exhibited to be higher than 1, indicating that there existed the potential non-carcinogenic health risks of exposure metals.
AB - The PM2.5-bounded elements were measured in outdoor and indoor from two urban middle schools in Xi’an. The PM2.5 mass was from 42.4 to 283.7 µg/m3 with bounded element from 3.4 to 41.7 µg/m3. Both the particle mass and the bounded elements displayed higher levels compared with previous studies in school environments. The most abundant elements were Ca, K, Fe, S, Zn and Cl both indoor and outdoor in two schools, which accounted for about 90% of the total elements. Strong correlations between indoor and outdoor were obtained along with relative effect from students’ and teachers’ activities on the indoor distributions between workdays and weekends. There had different indoor/outdoor (I/O) distributions for the two schools. It revealed the main outdoor sources for elements in JT and predominance of indoor sources in HT. The principal component analysis investigated main sources of elements in this study were coal combustion, geogenic dust and industrial emission, even though there displayed differences in the two school classrooms. The health risk assessment showed that the cancer risk for Ni and Pb was below the safe value while As and Cr might pose acceptable potential threat to both students’ and teachers’ health. The total non-cancer risks of accumulative multi-metals in JT exhibited to be higher than 1, indicating that there existed the potential non-carcinogenic health risks of exposure metals.
KW - Health risk assessment
KW - Heavy metals
KW - Indoor/outdoor
KW - Middle school
KW - PM
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85136167851
U2 - 10.1007/s10653-022-01359-w
DO - 10.1007/s10653-022-01359-w
M3 - 文章
C2 - 35978258
AN - SCOPUS:85136167851
SN - 0269-4042
VL - 45
SP - 1027
EP - 1044
JO - Environmental Geochemistry and Health
JF - Environmental Geochemistry and Health
IS - 3
ER -
