The latest progress of nanostructured barium titanate crystal materials: Industrial synthesis, modification and application

Barium titanate is the most typical lead-free ferroelectric material with a perovskite structure featuring a high dielectric constant. It serves as one of the most representative electronic device materials in the electronics industry. However, existing industrial synthesis methods face challenges such as high energy consumption and suboptimal product performance. Supercritical hydrothermal synthesis, as an emerging technique, has demonstrated promising prospects due to its tunability and efficiency. Nonetheless, its reaction mechanisms and technical bottlenecks still require further investigation. This paper reviews the main industrial synthesis methods for nanostructured barium titanate, with a particular focus on the advantages, reaction mechanisms, and challenges associated with the supercritical hydrothermal method. It further discusses how modification techniques such as element doping, surface functionalization, and composite material fabrication in hydrothermal systems enhance the performance of the material and summarizes its advancements in emerging application fields. Finally, the paper evaluates improvements and commercialization prospects of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis technology while outlining future research directions for nanostructured barium titanate.