Surface energy as a barrier to creasing of elastomer films: An elastic analogy to classical nucleation

In a soft elastic film compressed on a stiff substrate, creases nucleate at preexisting defects and grow across the surface of the film like channels. Both nucleation and growth are resisted by the surface energy, which we demonstrate by studying creases for elastomers immersed in several environments-air, water, and an aqueous surfactant solution. Measurement of the position where crease channeling is arrested on a gradient thickness film provides a uniquely characterized strain that quantitatively reveals the influence of surface energy, unlike the strain for nucleation, which is highly variable due to the sensitivity to defects. We find that these experimental data agree well with the prediction of a scaling analysis.