TY - JOUR
T1 - Seasonal variation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 during winter and summer over Xi'an, China
AU - Liu, Pingping
AU - Lei, Yali
AU - Ren, Huarui
AU - Gao, Jinjin
AU - Xu, Hongmei
AU - Shen, Zhenxing
AU - Zhang, Qian
AU - Zheng, Chunli
AU - Liu, Hongxia
AU - Zhang, Renjian
AU - Pan, Hua
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 by the authors.
PY - 2017/5/21
Y1 - 2017/5/21
N2 - In this study, 24 h PM2.5 (particles with an equivalent diameter equal to or below 2.5 μm) samples were collected in winter and summer in Xi'an, Northwestern China to characterize the seasonal variations of eleven elements (As, Cd, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu) and to evaluate their health risks by using the US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) method. Mass concentrations of the elements (except Ni) in winter were much higher than those in summer, with similar variations for both seasons. The levels of elements followed a decreasing order of K > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Cu > Mo > Ni > Cd. According to the enrichment factor (EF) analysis, the highest EF value for Cd inferred that it should be linked with the metal smelting and other anthropogenic sources. In contrast, the EF values of K and Mn (1 < EF < 5) suggested that they were influenced by both natural and anthropogenic sources. The daily average exposure dose for children and adults by different exposure pathways were both ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The non-cancer risks for different exposure pathways showed different orders. The non-cancer risks (hazard quotients) were lower than the average risk threshold (1.0) except for As, Pb, and Cr, which require greater attention. Elements of As and Cr were higher than the cancer risk threshold value (1 × 10-6), indicating that the cancer risks of PM2.5 elements in Xi'an should be a concern.
AB - In this study, 24 h PM2.5 (particles with an equivalent diameter equal to or below 2.5 μm) samples were collected in winter and summer in Xi'an, Northwestern China to characterize the seasonal variations of eleven elements (As, Cd, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu) and to evaluate their health risks by using the US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) method. Mass concentrations of the elements (except Ni) in winter were much higher than those in summer, with similar variations for both seasons. The levels of elements followed a decreasing order of K > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cr > As > Mn > Cu > Mo > Ni > Cd. According to the enrichment factor (EF) analysis, the highest EF value for Cd inferred that it should be linked with the metal smelting and other anthropogenic sources. In contrast, the EF values of K and Mn (1 < EF < 5) suggested that they were influenced by both natural and anthropogenic sources. The daily average exposure dose for children and adults by different exposure pathways were both ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The non-cancer risks for different exposure pathways showed different orders. The non-cancer risks (hazard quotients) were lower than the average risk threshold (1.0) except for As, Pb, and Cr, which require greater attention. Elements of As and Cr were higher than the cancer risk threshold value (1 × 10-6), indicating that the cancer risks of PM2.5 elements in Xi'an should be a concern.
KW - Cancer risk
KW - Enrichment factor
KW - Metals
KW - Non-cancer risk
KW - PM
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85019831009
U2 - 10.3390/atmos8050091
DO - 10.3390/atmos8050091
M3 - 文章
AN - SCOPUS:85019831009
SN - 2073-4433
VL - 8
JO - Atmosphere
JF - Atmosphere
IS - 5
M1 - 91
ER -
