Recent developments of nanoparticles additives to the consumables liquids in internal combustion engines: Part III: Nano-coolants

Nanofluids have a wide application in different industries such as internal combustion engines (ICEs) to improve the efficiency of activities. A complete review study on the modeling and experimental studies on the nanofluids applications in ICEs as nano-coolant is considered in this study. The most usable criteria of nanofluids in ICEs are nano-fuels (as additives), Nano-lubricants (as oils) and nano-coolants (such as radiator cooling). In this review study, all of the possible nano-coolant applications in engines such as radiator cooling, exhaust EGR cooling and cylinder cooling with different base fluids and nanoparticles are evaluated. Also, it is tried to find the best performance in each application using experimental and numerical results in the literature. Finally, the best nano-coolant is introduced for each application.