Recent advances in MOF-derived materials for supercapacitors: modification strategies and electrochemical properties

Metal–organic framework (MOF) derived materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-performance supercapacitors due to their tunable porosity, large surface area, and abundant active sites. This review summarizes recent advances in derivation strategies, including phosphorization, oxidation, sulfidation, selenization, carbonization, and the formation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), while further discussing how these approaches tailor structural features and enhance electrochemical performance. The influence of various strategies on morphology, porosity, electrical conductivity, and charge storage mechanisms is examined, with emphasis placed on thermal treatment, heteroatom incorporation, and compositional tuning to improve conductivity and stability. In particular, the introduction of non-metallic elements (P, S, O, and Se) is shown to effectively regulate the electronic structure, optimize energy band alignment, and facilitate charge transport. In addition, the synergistic effects of multimetallic compositions and heterostructure engineering are highlighted as effective approaches to overcoming the intrinsic limitations of pristine MOFs. Finally, this review outlines optimization principles and future directions for MOF-derived materials, offering insights into their potential for developing next-generation supercapacitor electrodes with high energy density and long cycle life.