Recent advances in emerging three-dimensional carbon-based architectures for ion transfer and storage in advanced metal-ion batteries

Benefiting from numerous merits such as high electrical conductivity, structural diversity, and excellent chemical stability, three-dimensional (3D) carbon-based materials have been widely studied and applied in various fields, especially for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices. This review is dedicated to compiling current advances to 3D architected carbon materials and assessing the characteristics and scope of application of various manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, templated methods, electrostatic spinning, and vapor deposition, taken to design and develop different kinds of 3D carbon-based architectures. Various advantages of 3D architected carbon including large surface areas, efficient charge transport, good mechanical strength, high porous structure are then compiled from an architected perspective in an effort to establish a holistic picture of how to build cost-effective and high-performance electrode materials for energy storage. Besides, their potential applications in advanced monovalent and multivalent metal-ion batteries are further assessed from a developmental perspective according to their unique structural characteristics. Finally, the challenges and outlooks on the research vacancy and future directions for progress in 3D carbon-based architectures are discussed.