Real-time lithium plating onset detection for lithium-ion batteries via dynamic impedance spectra analysis

Real-time lithium plating detection is essential for ensuring lithium-ion batteries’ safety and longevity. While impedance analysis offers valuable insights into the lithium plating process, the plating detection efficacy is often limited by overlapping electrochemical-thermal phenomena, complicating the extraction of plating-specific impedance features. To overcome this challenge, this work proposes a dynamic impedance tracking framework based on a specifically designed equivalent circuit model (ECM), enabling real-time observation of interfacial electrochemical dynamics. An adaptive lithium plating detection framework further enhances accuracy by employing statistical thresholding to distinguish plating-induced impedance variations from normal operational fluctuations. A consistency metric is formulated to quantitatively assess the proposed method's performance across diverse charging rates and thermal conditions. Experimental validation demonstrates the proposed method's superior sensitivity and robustness compared to three conventional impedance-based plating indicators.