Rationally Designed Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Enabling Higher Performance for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries hold promise as large-scale energy storage systems for off-grid elec-trification. The electrolyte is one of the key components of redox batteries. Inspired by the mechanism involved in solvents for extraction, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) is demonstrated, in which glycerol is introduced into the original binary ethaline DES. Redox pairs (active substance) dissolved in the solvent have low charge transfer resistance. The results show that the viscosity of the solvent with the ratio of choline chloride to ethylene glycol to glycerol of 1:2:0.5 decreases from 51.2 mPa·s to 40.3 mPa·s after adding the redox pair, implying that the mass transfer resistance of redox pairs in this solvent is reduced. Subsequent cyclic voltammetry and impedance tests show that the electrochemical performance with the ternary DES as the electrolyte in redox flow batteries is improved. When the ratio of 1:2:0.5 ternary DES is used as the electrolyte, the power density of the battery (9.01 mW·cm⁻²) is 38.2% higher than that of the binary one (6.52 mW·cm⁻²). Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy further indicates that the introduction of glycerol breaks the hydrogen bond network of the solvent environment where the redox pair is located, unraveling the hydrogen bond supramolecular complex. Rational solvent design is an effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of redox batteries.