Quaternary rainfall variability is governed by insolation in northern China and ice-sheet forcing in the South

Quaternary Asian low-latitude hydroclimate cyclicity has long been attributed to insolation forcing, in contrast to the dominant ice-sheet and CO₂ controls identified in mid-high-latitude regions. However, debates exist regarding these rainfall variations and forcings due to inconsistent reconstructions and simulations. Here, by combining rainfall proxy records with multi-model simulations, dominant 23 ka rainfall cycle in northern China and 100 ka rainfall cycle in southern China and Southeast Asia were found. We propose that rainfall mainly occurs in summer in the north, primarily driven by insolation. Rainfall in the south is largely forced by high-latitude ice sheets, with enhanced spring and autumn rainfall in southern China and weakened rainfall in western Maritime Continent during glacial periods. This study highlights the seasonal contributions to orbital-scale rainfall changes, and sheds light on the Asian hydroclimate conditions associated with high-low-latitude climate interactions.