Process simulation: Fabric forming

The focus of this chapter is on modelling techniques to simulate the forming behaviour of dry fabric reinforcement, enabling forming related defects to be identified and preforming processes to be refined. Different simulation approaches are discussed to understand both the merits and limitations of each method, guiding the selection of an appropriate fabric constitutive model to conduct efficient process simulations. Example are presented, demonstrating how they can be used effectively to optimise forming processes prior to committing to the manufacture of mould tools. The chapter concludes with a summary of current modelling techniques used for fabric forming simulations, including a discussion on anticipated future trends and applications. The simulation of rate sensitive or temperature sensitive materials, such as thermoset prepregs or thermoplastic organosheets, are not considered here but are briefly discussed in Chapter 12.