Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics

Ao Gao; Zhuolin Cheng; Jiale Wang; Yao Wang; Qiaosen Wang; Ming Lu; Kangning Wu; Jianying Li

doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5_9

Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics

Ao Gao
, Zhuolin Cheng
, Jiale Wang
, Yao Wang
, Qiaosen Wang
, Ming Lu
, Kangning Wu
, Jianying Li

School of Electrical Engineering

Xi'an Jiaotong University
Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group
State Grid Beijing Fangshan Electric Power Supply Company
State Grid Shandong Dongying Power Supply Company

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

Abstract

A longstanding goal for the varistor community is to understand the evolution of double Schottky barriers during the high-temperature sintering process, which gives varistors their unique nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Investigating the evolution of dielectric properties in ZnO varistor ceramics during sintering process can provide a more profound insight into their influence on performance. In this paper, negative capacitance is detected as a critical feature in in-situ measurements of capacitance during the sintering of ZnO varistor ceramics. The negative capacitance is observed at high temperatures (∼700 °C) during the heating process. Similar phenomenon is also monitored during the cooling process. Meanwhile, the real part of the capacitance remains constant during the holding periods. The negative dielectric phenomenon conforms to the Drude model, which is essentially caused by the plasma oscillation of electrons. These findings provide a potential approach to construct precise structure function relations of varistor ceramics for further optimization of their performance.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024
Editors	Qingxin Yang, Zhaohong Bie, Xu Yang
Publisher	Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Pages	75-82
Number of pages	8
ISBN (Print)	9789819613908
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5_9
State	Published - 2025
Event	19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024 - Xi'an, China Duration: 20 Sep 2024 → 22 Sep 2024

Publication series

Name	Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering
Volume	1312 LNEE
ISSN (Print)	1876-1100
ISSN (Electronic)	1876-1119

Conference

Conference	19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024
Country/Territory	China
City	Xi'an
Period	20/09/24 → 22/09/24

Keywords

Drude model
Negative Capacitance
Sinting
ZnO varistor ceramics

Access to Document

10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5_9

Cite this

Gao, A., Cheng, Z., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Lu, M., Wu, K., & Li, J. (2025). Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics. In Q. Yang, Z. Bie, & X. Yang (Eds.), The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024 (pp. 75-82). (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering; Vol. 1312 LNEE). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5_9

Gao, Ao ; Cheng, Zhuolin ; Wang, Jiale et al. / Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics. The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024. editor / Qingxin Yang ; Zhaohong Bie ; Xu Yang. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025. pp. 75-82 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering).

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title = "Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics",

abstract = "A longstanding goal for the varistor community is to understand the evolution of double Schottky barriers during the high-temperature sintering process, which gives varistors their unique nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Investigating the evolution of dielectric properties in ZnO varistor ceramics during sintering process can provide a more profound insight into their influence on performance. In this paper, negative capacitance is detected as a critical feature in in-situ measurements of capacitance during the sintering of ZnO varistor ceramics. The negative capacitance is observed at high temperatures (∼700 °C) during the heating process. Similar phenomenon is also monitored during the cooling process. Meanwhile, the real part of the capacitance remains constant during the holding periods. The negative dielectric phenomenon conforms to the Drude model, which is essentially caused by the plasma oscillation of electrons. These findings provide a potential approach to construct precise structure function relations of varistor ceramics for further optimization of their performance.",

keywords = "Drude model, Negative Capacitance, Sinting, ZnO varistor ceramics",

author = "Ao Gao and Zhuolin Cheng and Jiale Wang and Yao Wang and Qiaosen Wang and Ming Lu and Kangning Wu and Jianying Li",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Beijing Paike Culture Commu. Co., Ltd. 2025.; 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024 ; Conference date: 20-09-2024 Through 22-09-2024",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5\_9",

language = "英语",

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Gao, A, Cheng, Z, Wang, J, Wang, Y, Wang, Q, Lu, M, Wu, K & Li, J 2025, Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics. in Q Yang, Z Bie & X Yang (eds), The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 1312 LNEE, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp. 75-82, 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024, Xi'an, China, 20/09/24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5_9

Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics. / Gao, Ao; Cheng, Zhuolin; Wang, Jiale et al.
The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024. ed. / Qingxin Yang; Zhaohong Bie; Xu Yang. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025. p. 75-82 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering; Vol. 1312 LNEE).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics

AU - Gao, Ao

AU - Cheng, Zhuolin

AU - Wang, Jiale

AU - Wang, Yao

AU - Wang, Qiaosen

AU - Lu, Ming

AU - Wu, Kangning

AU - Li, Jianying

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © Beijing Paike Culture Commu. Co., Ltd. 2025.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - A longstanding goal for the varistor community is to understand the evolution of double Schottky barriers during the high-temperature sintering process, which gives varistors their unique nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Investigating the evolution of dielectric properties in ZnO varistor ceramics during sintering process can provide a more profound insight into their influence on performance. In this paper, negative capacitance is detected as a critical feature in in-situ measurements of capacitance during the sintering of ZnO varistor ceramics. The negative capacitance is observed at high temperatures (∼700 °C) during the heating process. Similar phenomenon is also monitored during the cooling process. Meanwhile, the real part of the capacitance remains constant during the holding periods. The negative dielectric phenomenon conforms to the Drude model, which is essentially caused by the plasma oscillation of electrons. These findings provide a potential approach to construct precise structure function relations of varistor ceramics for further optimization of their performance.

AB - A longstanding goal for the varistor community is to understand the evolution of double Schottky barriers during the high-temperature sintering process, which gives varistors their unique nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Investigating the evolution of dielectric properties in ZnO varistor ceramics during sintering process can provide a more profound insight into their influence on performance. In this paper, negative capacitance is detected as a critical feature in in-situ measurements of capacitance during the sintering of ZnO varistor ceramics. The negative capacitance is observed at high temperatures (∼700 °C) during the heating process. Similar phenomenon is also monitored during the cooling process. Meanwhile, the real part of the capacitance remains constant during the holding periods. The negative dielectric phenomenon conforms to the Drude model, which is essentially caused by the plasma oscillation of electrons. These findings provide a potential approach to construct precise structure function relations of varistor ceramics for further optimization of their performance.

KW - Drude model

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KW - Sinting

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SN - 9789819613908

T3 - Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

SP - 75

EP - 82

BT - The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024

A2 - Yang, Qingxin

A2 - Bie, Zhaohong

A2 - Yang, Xu

PB - Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH

T2 - 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024

Y2 - 20 September 2024 through 22 September 2024

ER -

Gao A, Cheng Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Q, Lu M et al. Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics. In Yang Q, Bie Z, Yang X, editors, The Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society - Annual Conference of China Electrotechnical Society, ACCES 2024. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. 2025. p. 75-82. (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering). doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-1391-5_9

Observation of the Negative Capacitance During the Sintering of ZnO Varistor Ceramics

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