Molecular Doping Efficiency in Organic Semiconductors: Fundamental Principle and Promotion Strategy

Molecular doping, a fascinating technique to modulate the electrical property of organic solids by importing additional charges, has been one of the focal points of active research over the last three decades. Due to the potential applications in clean energy and artificial intelligence, molecular doping is experiencing a second golden stage by virtue of its compatibility with solution-processed organic functional devices. The central challenge at present promoting the doping efficiency. This perspective starts with revisiting the basic concepts in doping process and discusses the recent progress in efficiency improvements. Based on the journey of molecular doping, it is concluded that molecular doping can be as efficient as atomic doping is in inorganic semiconductors; future directions to achieve this goal are shared.