Mathematical model and thermofluid-dynamic performance analysis of the sub-cooled liquid hydrogen refueling station

Sub-cooled liquid hydrogen refueling station is an innovative infrastructure for achieving zero-emission in heavy-duty transportation. The refueling performance is significantly affected by initial thermodynamic states of liquid hydrogen tank and onboard tank, while corresponding thermofluid-dynamic analysis at system-level is still lacking. Therefore, mathematical and thermofluid-dynamic models integrating each cryogenic component are presented and validated. Validation suggests that the quantitative errors of mass flow rate and pressure are 0.015 kg/s and 0.024 MPa within acceptable range. Effects of initial state of liquid hydrogen tank and onboard tank on the end refueling performance are systematically analyzed. Results indicate that the pressure, density, and fluid mass decrease with the increase in both initial temperature and pressure of onboard tank. The maximum mass inside the onboard tank is obtained as 42.18 kg at 0.31 MPa of liquid hydrogen tank pressure. These findings support the operational optimization and efficiency improvement of refueling stations.