Low-dimensional design of precious metal-based catalysts in fuel cells

The development of low-dimensional noble metal catalysts has emerged as a critical pathway to address the cost-durability challenges in fuel cells. This review synthesizes recent advances in designing ultrathin nanowires, defect-engineered metalene, and strain-tuned nanosheets that demonstrate exceptional oxygen reduction SSreaction activity and cycling stability. We systematically decode three atomic-level enhancement mechanisms: (1) ligand effect-mediated d-band center downshifting, (2) optimized compressive strain, and (3) regulated ∗OOH adsorption energetics. The structural-activity relationships established here provide practical strategies for fabricating hybrid catalysts with ultralow noble metal loading and enhanced CO tolerance. Such atomic-level insights not only guide the rational design of catalysts, but also facilitate the deployment of fuel cells in maritime propulsion systems and backup power units.