Local crystallographic shear structures in: A [201] extended mixed dislocations of SrTiO₃ unraveled by atomic-scale imaging using transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy

Recently, extended mixed dislocations were observed at a [001]/(100) low-angle tilt grain boundary of a SrTiO₃ bicrystal because of a slight twist between the two crystal parts. The b = a[201]/(100) mixed dislocations at the grain boundary dissociate into three dislocations with Burgers vector b of a/2[101], a[100], and a/2[101], respectively. A structure model has been proposed in particular for the dislocation cores of the two partials with b = a/2[101] based on the high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images acquired by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). However, the details of the atomic structure and the chemical composition of the dislocation cores remain unexplored, especially for the b = a[100] dislocation that is evidently disassociated into two b = a/2[101] partial dislocations. In this work, we study the further atomic details of the extended mixed dislocations, in particular the local chemistry, in a SrTiO₃ bicrystal using STEM, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy techniques. By these atomic-scale imaging techniques, we reveal a unique feature for the atomic structure of the b = a[201]/(100) extended mixed dislocation, which we named as local crystallographic shear (LCS) structures. In addition, we identify a rock salt FCC-type TiO_x (x = 0.66-1.24) phase at the locations of the extended mixed dislocations. In contrast to the insulating TiO₂ phases, the TiO_x phase is known to exhibit very low electrical resistivity of only several μΩ cm. In this regard, the extended mixed dislocations of SrTiO₃ comprising the FCC TiO_x phase may function as the conducting filament in resistive switching processes by completion and disruption of the TiO_x phase along the dislocation cores through electrically stimulated redox reactions.