Internal three-dimensional graphdiyne-based self-powered biosensor integrated with external physical power for portable detection of tumor markers

Self-powered biosensors used for tumor biomarker detection exhibit the advantages of no external power supply and portability, but still face the challenges of low detection sensitivity and unstable power supply. In this study, enzyme biofuel cell (EBFC) technology is integrated with the sensor system to develop a self-powered sensor. The bioelectrode facilitates the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy through a reduction-oxidation (REDOX) reaction initiated by the stimulation of the target object. This process generates electrical signals while supplying energy to the system, thereby enabling the quantitative detection of tumour markers. In addition, a novel three-dimensional graphdiyne (GDY) with high intrinsic conductivity is designed and prepared as a substrate material to increase the enzyme load and enhance the electron transfer rate. The implementation of a robust specific DNA signal amplification strategy and the use of an external supercapacitor facilitate the enhancement of the detection sensitivity of the sensor. The supercapacitor enables the automatic storage and release of electrons, which is conducive to the automatic amplification of the target signal. The use of Bluetooth for the transmission of the target signal to the smartphone interface is conducive to the rapid, quantitative and real-time detection of the target miRNA. This in turn facilitates the miniaturization, power supply and detection integration of the sensor. This strategy represents a significant expansion of the potential applications of the sensors and is likely to represent a mainstream direction for future developments in disease early detection technologies.