Intelligent biomaterials for micro and nanoscale 3D printing

Micro and nanoscale 3D printing has been broadly employed for the manufacturing of biomimetic architectures in the fields of tissue regeneration, personalized medicine, and smart biodevices. The emerging intelligent biomaterials significantly expand the diversity and functionality of printed structures. In this review, the commonly used micro and nanoscale 3D printing techniques were briefly introduced. Recent innovations on intelligent biomaterials like biopolymers, hydrogels, and metallic/ceramic biomaterials were reviewed. The current limitations and future opportunities of 3D-printed intelligent biomaterials for biomedical applications were highlighted. Overall, this review will help the new researchers to understand the underlying principles, functional properties, and potential applications of intelligent biomaterials in micro and nanoscale 3D printing field.