Innovations and challenges in large-area graphene oxide membranes for seawater desalination: Preparation techniques, bottlenecks, and module developments

Graphene oxide (GO) stands at the forefront of seawater desalination innovation due to its unique layered structure and remarkable chemical properties. In comparison to conventional membranes, GO exhibits superior water permeability, ion rejection, and chemical stability. Despite these advantages, the widespread industrial application of GO membranes in seawater desalination faces substantial challenges. Key hurdles include the need for continuous, defect-free fabrication of large-area GO membranes, enhancing desalination efficiency, addressing water stability in complex industrial settings, and developing compatible membrane module devices. In this review article, we analyze the preparation processes for large-area GO membranes, delving into the intricacies of current challenges faced in water treatment. We also present an overview of research advancements in membrane preparation and modification geared towards enabling the industrial application of large-area GO membranes for desalination. Furthermore, we explore the prospect of developing modules tailored for large-area GO membranes, drawing insights from the progress made in reverse osmosis modules. This review critically assesses the feasibility of large-area GO reverse osmosis membranes, aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and practical industrial applications. By navigating the complexities and possibilities, our work serves as a roadmap, propelling GO membrane-based reverse osmosis desalination technology from theoretical concepts to tangible industrial solutions. This endeavor is poised to revolutionize the landscape of desalination industries, ushering in a new era of sustainable and efficient water purification technologies.