Influence of substrate temperature on the film morphology and photovoltaic performance of non-fullerene organic solar cells

A novel 1,8-naphthalimide-based small molecular acceptor (NI-T-C8) was designed and synthesized. The LUMO level of NI-T-C8 was high-lying, which would reduce the energy loss of WBG polymer PCDTBT-C12 based devices. When non-fullerene devices based on PCDTBT-C12: NI-T-C8 were spin-coated from substrates with a temperature of 30 °C, the aggregation of NI-T-C8 would lead to an unoptimized film morphology and result in a low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.68%. After elevating the substrates from 30 to 45 °C, the domain size of blend films was decreased and a PCE of 3.61% with a high open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.28 V was acquired, but the aggregation of NI-T-C8 for blend films fabricated in 45 °C based substrates was still influence the exciton dissociation in the active layers, lower J_sc values for NI-T-C8 based devices in comparison to PC₇₁BM based ones were therefore acquired. This is the first single junction organic solar cell with a PCE higher than 3% could achieve a V_oc higher than 1.2 V. Our results also demonstrated that elevating the temperature of substrates could reduce the domain size of non-fullerene acceptors, which could provide a strategy to adjust the film morphology of active layer comprising easy-aggregating non-fullerene acceptor.